Load management

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Load management is the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output. This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time or by time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer behavior.

Electrical energy is a form of Energy that cannot be stored. It can however be traded as a commodity. It must be generated, shipped to the point where it is needed, and immediately consumed. Consequently, for the generation and distribution of electrical power, load management is a subject that is continually on the minds of the electrical network operators (also known as Transmission system operators). Sometimes the load on a system can approach the maximum generating capacity or the rate at which the load is increasing can increase the rate at which generating output can be increased, even though there is ultimately enough capacity. When this happens, the network operators must either find additional supplies of energy or find ways to curtail the load. If they are unsuccessful within the time allowed, the system will become unstable and blackouts can occur.

The Load Management function may involve sophisticated load analysis in which models are built to describe the physical properties of the distribution network (i.e. topology, capacity, and other characteristics of the lines), as well as the load behavior. The analysis may include scenarios that account for weather forecasts, the predicted impact of proposed load-shed commands, estimated time-to-repair for off-line equipment, and other factors.

Monitoring of the load and the effect a Load control program or Demand response price event might have, is typically done in real-time by human operators, using a SCADA system. If the actual outcome differs from the predicted outcome, the human can intervene to make corrections, applying more or less load shed as necessary.

The accuracy of the load forecast requires ongoing diligence in order to refine the demographics, monitor growth patterns, and maintain knowledge of the amount of dis patchable load.

Load Management might be achieved in the utility using any combination of tools and programs including: construction and operation of new power plants (especially peak generation units), participation in a power pool, demand side management programs (such as operation of a load control system and customer programs to improve energy conservation), as well as demand response programs. New technologies are always under development — both by private industry and public entities .

Contents

1 Examples of schemes

1.1 New Zealand

1.2 France

1.3 United Kingdom

1.4 Germany

2 See also

3 References

4 External links

//


Examples of schemes

Many countries including USA, UK France the power grids routinely use privately held, often emergency diesel generators in load management schemes

It was recently announced that domestic fridges are being sold into the UK fitted with dynamic load response systems working of system frequency.

New Zealand

New Zealand has for many years had a system of load control based on rippled control allowing the utility to switch off or on domestic and commercial water heaters, at will.

France

France has an EJP tariff, which allows it to disconnect certain loads and to encourage consumers to disconnect certain loads.

United Kingdom

In the UK night storage heaters, a crude, much despised heating device, is used to increase load at night, by about 5 GW introduced primarily to accommodate the nuclear programme. Also there is a programme of disconnectable industrial loads, based on frequency switches known as Frequency Service This operates in conjunction with Standing Reserve a programme using diesel generators.

These can also be remotely switched using BBC Radio 4 Longwave. Radio teleswitch

See also Control of the National Grid (UK)

Germany

Existing storage heater in Germany are loaded with a lower tariff electricity, mainly during night and afternoon hours. The switch and the two-tariff electricity meter as well are remote controlled by using of ripple contol by using the main powerline or by the european radio teleswitching system based on longwave radio signals.

See also

Energy management system

References

^ Example of largest load management system developed by private industry

^ US Dept. Of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Electricity Reliability

^ Analysis of current US DOE Projects

^ Claverton Energy experts library

^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/bbc-talks-about-dynamic-demand-smart-fridges-and-smart-metering.html

^ Claverton Energy Experts

^ EFR - Energy management via radio

External…(and so on)

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