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Barbat
Classification
*Plucked string instrument
Related instruments
Mandolute
Oud
The barbat is a lute of ancient Persian origin. The Arabic Oud is derived from an ancient Persian barbat. Today’s barbat, however, is essentially the same thing as today’s oud: the instrument is often called the barbat when played in a Persian tradition, while called the oud when played in an Arabic tradition.
Contents
1 History
2 Holding the barbat
3 Basic fingering
4 Right hand-the misrap or risha
5 Body
6 How to make barbat’s resonating body
7 References
8 See also
9 External links
9.1 Listening
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History
The barbat originated in Persia in ancient times, and was refined during the Arab age into its current form, called the oud. After the tanbur, it is the oldest string instrument in Iran. In 800 B.C. a kind of barbat was used. In some books the invention of this instrument is ascribed to Barbad. As it is told in some books, the reason to name this instrument Barbat is that this name is the Arabic form of Barbad, but in some other books it is told that bat means “chest,” so the similarity between the form of a barbat and the chest of a drake is the other reason for its name. The most famous barbat player in history was Barbad.
After Islam’s takeover of Iran, this instrument was taken to Arabia and after a while it came back to Iran in a changed form. When Islamic culture penetrated into Europe, this instrument was used is some parts with different names. For example, in Italy it was called lotto, in France loth, in Portugal aland, and in Spain loud. The instrument was abolished in Safavidth period for an unknown reason (perhaps due to religious fanaticism), even until recent decades.
It is likely that the earliest ouds were carved from a solid piece of wood, much like the Chinese pipa and Japanese biwa, which are also descendants of the ancient Persian barbat. By the time of the Moorish period in Spain, the body was in its characteristic staved wood vaulted back design. In fact, this staved wood may be the namesake for the oud as the word means “wood” or “flexible stick,” and the top was made of wood, as opposed to the skin of the earlier lutes, and the vaulted back that provided the model for the European lute and mandolin was constructed from many steam-bent “flexible sticks” unlike the Persian barbat, which was carved out of a single piece of wood and may have been the original model for the oud. Also, as one can see in the images, after the barbat was taken to the Arab world, the body became larger and the neck got shorter.
Holding the barbat
The barbat is held similar to a guitar, but care must be taken to have the face vertical so that it is not visible to the player, and to support the weight with the thigh and right arm so that the left hand is free to move around the fingerboard. Note the idiosyncratic manner of holding the mizrab (Turkish) or risha (Arabic, lit. “feather”) or pick; although it seems awkward it is in reality easier than a conventional flatpick and gives the “right” tonal shading to the plucked note.
In all matters of holding and playing it is recommended that the player use only the muscles needed for any musical task and to relax as much as possible, using only as much force as is necessary. This will allow one to play longer, easier and to put the effort into creativity rather than mechanics. In the past many players sat cross-legged on a rug, but now most perform sitting, often using a classical guitarist’s footrest under the right foot to help hold the barbat.
Basic fingering
Two methods of left hand fingering are in current usage. The older, more traditional Classical Arabic approach uses all four fingers for stopping the strings, one for each semitone much as a guitarist; alternatively, some play with a style more akin to baglama (or saz) or sitar technique, using the first and second fingers for as much as possible, with less use of the third and little use of the fourth fingers. Hakki Obadia taught a mixed fingering system that uses finger 1 for several notes, finger 2 for some but not all strings and finger 3, not using finger 4.
One other facet of left hand usage is the employment of the fingernail to help stop the string, giving a clearer tone and more pronounced ornaments than use of the fleshy tips alone. This is common to several other fretless instrument, among them the sarod, shamisen and san-xien.
Right hand-the misrap or risha
As mentioned the right hand employs a special method for holding the quill-inspired pick called risha in Arabic and mizrab in Turkish. The long flexible pick puts the wrist at a particular angle and adds a certain tonal color to the sound. The traditional material was an eagle quill, but this is not practical; plastic makes a more durable and…(and so on)
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